The Sentencing Phase Of A Criminal Case - 902 Words

Sentencing After a defendant is convicted or pleads guilty, a judge will then decide a suitable punishment (or sentence) during the sentencing phase of a criminal case. There are varying outcomes that can influence sentencing offenders, they can range from probation and community service to prison and even the death penalty. Minor infractions, misdemeanors, or offenders who plead guilty usually get sentenced almost immediately after ones convictions. In complex criminal cases such as serious felonies, the sentencing judge will usually receive input from the probation department which prepares a pre-sentence report with recommendations. Prosecutors and the defense will also speak to the judge regarding to ones convictions. There are several factors that a judge can choose from when determining a criminal sentence. These include: Does the offender have prior criminal history; Was the offender an accessory or the main offender; Was the offender under any personal stress or duress when the crime wa s committed; Was anyone injured; Was the offender cruel to a victim, or destructive in nature, did the offender display remorse or regret for crimes. However, not every conviction means a trip to prison. Judges in most cases have a great deal of discretion when determining a sentence. Some of these alternative sentences can include suspended sentences, community service, probation, deferred adjudication, and even fines or restitution. Furthermore, multiple sentences can be servedShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System Of The United States Constitution1184 Words   |  5 Pagescommitting a crime. In an attempt to balance this authority the United States Constitution guarantees a number of inalienable rights to protect its citizens against tyrannical government power. These rights create the framework of the adversarial criminal justice system that relies heavily on the advocacy of each party and a relatively passive and impartial judge acting as a neutral arbiter. The objective of this structure is to encourage the advocates to develop relevant facts, evidence, and legalRead MoreRape and Extending the Sentence for Rape782 Words   |  4 Pages(CVS) and the national average for people accused of rape is eight years in a federal prison. Rape is a serious crime as well as other crimes but rape is considered to be a more serious and heinous crime along with murder etc. There are also different phases of rape that the victim may go through depending on how they handle it. Eight years in prison is not a good amount of time for someone to serve for what they did, all of the things that involve the process of rape should be incorporated into the sentence:Read MoreUnethical Consequences of the Three Strikes Laws910 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿THREE STRIKES SENTENCING POLICIES ETHICAL CONCERNS (700 words) Part I (400 words) Unethical Consequences of Three Strikes Laws Zimring (1996) illustrates the inconsistency with which three strikes laws have been applied, producing unjustifiable differences in sentences for individuals with very similar criminal histories. Even more importantly, Zimrings comparison illustrates that the three strikes law in question is typically applied without any objective principle of justice or justificationRead MoreInvestigation Of The Criminal Justice Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesdisclose the overview of the criminal justice, especially in America. The result from the interview of one of the fractioned for instance, the attorney in the criminal justice will be the cornerstone of this report. In this case, the Attorney’s view about criminal justice will be thoroughly analyzed and compared with other sources to bring out the bright image of the criminal justice in America. The arguments of whether there is the efficient administration of the criminal justice system, their methodologiesRead MoreSentencing Guilty Verdict1067 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction Sentencing is defined as the penalty phase which follows a guilty verdict levied for a criminal act (The Free Dictionary, 2014). Sentencing attempts to accomplish four goals: a. Punishment b. Incapacitation c. Deterrence d. Rehabilitation (Renter, 2008) When imposing legal sanctions we must consider the criminal act committed. The importance of this consideration lies in fact that the punishment should fit the crime. We would not want to sentence a child to life imprisonment forRead MorePsychology And The Legal System. Paper 1. With Recent Legislative1302 Words   |  6 Pagesindeterminate sentencing. This is the imposition of a sentence with no mandatory release date or set period of sentence to be served. Instead, one s sentence length is determined by the inmate s conduct while in prison. Upon successful completion of requirements the inmate may be returned to society, but it is possible that they will be kept behind bars for the remainder of his/her natural life. There are many issues that have come to light with indeterminate and determinate sentencing, such as howRead MoreThe Sentencing Structure And Texas Capital Punishment Assessment Team Report1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe sentencing structure in Texas is in need of reform within several different areas of the state’s death penalty system. 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Gleason on the upcoming Supreme Court docket for OT 2015. The case pertains to two separate criminal cases coming from the Kansas Supreme Court that may overturn the death penalty ruling. First, the facts of the case will be given and what are the legal issues being questioned, a brief overview of the arguments encompassing the Eighth Amendment, supportive arguments

The Bizarre Secret of University of Texas Admission Essay Samples

The Bizarre Secret of University of Texas Admission Essay Samples Nevertheless, you don't necessarily have to make a locker, or utilize it should you've created it. At a big university you're only a number to some folks, and you are able to get lost in the crowd. As your oldest child starts to complete her college application, it's difficult not to feel a rising panic. Please be aware, students employing federal educational benefits are qualified for in-state tuition prices. We supply endless opportunities to learn in the classroom, but in addition an immense array of clinics and internships that allow you to learn in hands-on fashion. Size-wise, the programs are alike. Our study-abroad programs offer you many opportunities to study in other nations, too. You should talk to your high school counselor if you are not sure which test to take. TCU does not demand you to submit scores from any SAT Subject Tests, though you may desire to do so in the event you feel they will b oost your application for admission. Please click on any of the next degrees for extra program specific admission requirements. Naturally, but not only do you wish to extend your years on earth, you need to live well! It's available to see and print by January 31 of every year. It is starting to look like it! All students must do independent research as a portion of their degrees, and a few must have a foreign language program. Actually, a superior personal essay topic often fits within the boundaries of multiple Common App essay prompt alternatives. You are going to have more essays to write, and a fantastic essay takes time! Don't have somebody else write your essay, and don't wait to compose your essay. An excellent essay will reveal that you're the sort of person who can bounce back and learn from an experience. Requesting FedEx delivery doesn't guarantee priority processing of your purchase. Other delivery services might be used if you make arrangements ahead of tim e. New Questions About University of Texas Admission Essay Samples Just like with anything else these days, the world wide web has an unbelievable amount of sites with samples of various sorts of admission essays. Furthermore, you will understand a thumbnail of the native speakers who respond to every exercise. Have a way of rotating and editing video, that folks feel like they belong to a group. The very first place you need to search for sample personal statements is on the site of the school in which you are trying to enter. The University of Texas Admission Essay Samples Game Maybe you'll teach your floor-mates about exactly what makes for an excellent ice breaker. The most significant thing is that the premise of their endeavor to consider the planet, in an amount of maturity and caring. The End of University of Texas Admission Essay Samples In the center of the controversy, Ferguson's critics brought to light a variety of irregularities on the portion of the governo r. This very first question is broad and offers you lots of latitude. There are a lot of house traditions and events connected with each home. After you are in possession of a sufficient amount of information and many personal statement samples to reference you are able to then sit down and start to put down your thoughts for your statement. Food is another benefit of attending a huge university. With over 65 national chapters, the university's Greek community is among the country's largest. The Regents, though, can choose to allocate extra amounts to the university. As may be expected from one of the greatest universities in the planet, Stanford is highly competitive. With distinctive sand-coloured, red-roofed buildings, Stanford's campus is believed to be among the most beautiful on the planet. Colleges and universities wouldn't exist without students so the task of the college admissions office is important to the diversity and financial health of any university. If necessary, forms might be found on the UTSA site. This information isn't designed to be comprehensive and is subject to change. CAP students who opt to remain at UTSA rather than transfer to UT Austin should finish a form indicating they are opting from the joint program. Click the links below to find out more about these programs.

Communication and Negotiation for Organizations - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunication and Negotiationfor Organizations and Communities. Answer: The given scenario reflects a conflict which has arose due to the difference in race and culture. Conflict takes place when there is a strong difference or clash of values, intentions or interests in groups, organizations, communities or among individuals. The reason behind conflict is the failure to meet with the basic needs or when there is any interference or obstruction in the attainment of a goal. Conflict is directly proportional to interaction in the life of human beings. Conflict is a common part of workplace just like the given situation. In this scenario, the outcome of workplace conflict resulted in absenteeism. In order to deal with the conflict, the certainty of conflict should be accepted (Blok 2014). It is not a wise decision to avoid conflict but it is important to stay calm and cool and maintain the moral ground. As a mediator, it is essential to resolve the conflict between the two colleagues rather than winning the situation. It is an absolute necessity to remove t he emotional reasons in a conflict. The techniques include appealing to the super ordinate goals and expansion of the available resources. Altering the human variables and physical environment is regarded as another essential factor besides using integrated devices. One must change the reward systems by using the policies and procedures and having proper training in interpersonal skills. By applying this technique the relationship and bond between the co- workers will become stronger which will result in increasing self- respect. Being a mediator, it is important to keep the issue of cultural and racial difference in mind which will lead to their personal growth and development. Once the conflict will be resolved, the efficiency and effectiveness in workplace will increase which will result in creative thinking, synergy and successful collaboration. In this particular situation, one of the colleague involved in the conflict tried to satisfy his own interests at others expense (Chane y and Martin 2013). To handle this situation, the mediator must follow the five strategies of negotiation process- preparation and planning, definition of ground rules, clarification and justification, bargaining and problem solving and closure and implementation. Preparation and planning refers to the awareness about the conflict before starting negotiation. It involves the history of the people involved and what do they perceive about the negotiation of the conflict. When the first step is completed, the role of the mediator is to start defining the basic rules and policies with the opponent party who is involved in negotiation. The place, time, limitation of issues, will be discussed along with the specific process that will be followed while negotiating. This process will also involve the primary proposals and demands of the two parties involved. The third step includes elucidation, intensification, rationalization, encouragement and validation of their individual demands (Clements 2015). It involve s confrontation from both the ends. It can be considered as an opportunity to teach and inform and give a lesson to each other on the important issues and they came to the original demands. This step can be supported by giving authentic documentation to another party. Negotiation process gains full momentum with the give and take process to sort out the argument by means of a proper bargain. Here comes the process of concession that is done by both the parties. The process of negotiation is summed up by formalizing the agreement that has been made and developed with the essential procedures of execution and monitoring. In the case of major negotiations, formal contract must be made to keep the specific points in mind. All the steps of this negotiation process take into account the parties by bargaining in an orderly way to settle on the allotment of narrow resources and maintain each others concern. By negotiating the process of given conflict between the two colleague, they will be able to give their best as a team like they used to do before. She will be able to relieve of her stress and become a regular employee as usual (Clohisy, Yaszemski and Lipman 2017). The ambience of segregation and omission that she felt by her colleague as a result of the conflict will evaporate and she will be able to do her work in comfort. The conflict gave way to absenteeism because they did not sit together to work on the issue and find a solution. There was an air of mistrust, miscommunication and misunderstanding which grew enough to make it a serious issue. The involvement of the mediator helped in smooth clearance of the clash (Ebner 2017). To understand the negotiating style for an organization in UAE it is important to have an idea about the difference between international and domestic cultural negotiations. It is required to focus on the method by which culture affects the dynamics of negotiation. Studies have shown that culture affects the negotiation outcomes but it might not be direct and has an impact in the process of cross- cultural negotiation. It can be contradicted that the outcomes in intra- cultural negotiations are better than cross- cultural negotiations. In the given scenario, it is mentioned that negotiations in an individual culture like USA do not tend to have integrated outcome compared to the collectivist culture in Japan. The negotiation tactics and the tolerance level vary from one culture to another. For instance, in UAE the key qualities in negotiation are respect, loyalty and relationships. They do not prefer disagreeing to any kind of situation and for them it is inappropriate deny directly (Kurtz, Silverman and Draper 2016). The values of loyalty, trust, respect and relations are superior to decision making and have a major impact on the process of negotiation. It might happen that when people are dealing with higher authority or someone royal, they become submissive. As the Arabians cannot tolerate any direct denial, they might be unwilling to entrust themselves with any work if the outcome of negotiation is not assured. On the contrary, direct rejection is not acceptable as it is offensive. Therefore, for an organization in UAE, face- to- face business is preferred as it is prefaced and soft- pedaled. This avoids any kind of confrontation and no members face any kind of disrespect. They prefer to leave their work in Gods will and thus, keep on repeating the phrase Insha Allah. They are the original traders and businessmen and prosper in strong bargaining and negotiation for each and every business deal. They highlight their products more than the services because they have a belief that good services comes in handy with a good product. For the organizations in UAE, oral communication is preferable than written communication (Lane et al. 2013). This is the reason why the agreements get the final call after the members have left the situation. Before that, the negotiation process is kept open even though the contract is signed. The transitory nature of some of the employees in UAE leads to discontinuity of a project within the organization. The committee people lose inter est in the process and commencement of negotiation becomes a difficult task. UAE has transformed itself from a nil and raw economy to a significant investment opportunity. In spite of the economic slowdown, they have flourished their business with a booming economy. Their foreign direct investment flourished as a result of that because it invited foreign investors. One needs to be tricky as well as witty in order to go for any kind of business transaction with the Arabian countries. Therefore, to close any deal with UAE by negotiating, it is important to understand their culture clearly. It is an essential aspect to gain the trust of the partners by keeping their religious beliefs and respecting them. Maintaining a modest dress code is important throughout the region of Arab especially for women, to create a good impression. It is better to maintain a formal and professional dress code (Markowitz and Rubin 2016). It is important to show gratitude when they offer refreshment or it mi ght offend them. The Arabians are conservative in social terms and follow a specific type of linguistic ritual. There are some major criteria which can be followed in order to attain a successful negotiation with UAE. One needs to be flexible and adapt to any kind of situation. It is important to have a clear strategy while negotiating with them. To achieve success in UAE, it is required to keep a constant tab on the business operational activities. They believe in traditional family values more than business relationships. So it is better to establish personal relationship with the clients of UAE which requires regular care and nourishment. It will be the last day for any outstation client if he becomes impatient with an Arabian because they are very reluctant when it comes to being punctual. They prefer courtesy or small gestures like offering small discount or extra incentive and believe in a successful negotiation for the best deal. The Arabians cannot be happier if the deal starts with a concession (McFadden 2014). This will make them realize that their negotiating partner is flexible wit h the operating margins. When it comes to signing a contract with an Arabian client, it is important to clear obligations on both ends and mention about verbal agreement in it. Section 02 To ask the supervisor for a raise, it is important to use the written communication in the form of e-mail. It is a sensitive issue which needs to be under direct observation of the supervisor and therefore the mail needs to be written in a formal way. It must be kept in mind that there are barriers or noise in the path of effective communication. The mail that will be sent to the supervisor must be free from grammatical and spelling error as it will reflect a negative impression on the part of the employee. The mail needs to be written using easy words or it will pose a language barrier in effective communication (Mircic? 2014). The subject in the mail should be clearly stated or it will make the supervisor confused about the request for a raise. The request for the raise should be made in such a moment when the supervisor is free from the workload or not involved in a meeting. a) With the increasing diversity in the workplace, it has become absolutely necessary to maintain effective forms of communication. Before proceeding with communication, the race, culture and ethnicity of the colleague must be kept in mind without hurting his sentiment in any way. In this way, the employees of different background will be able to exist in harmony and work efficiently. It will boost their morale, productivity and dedication by communicating in both ways in the organization (Mustapha et al. 2016). b) The sending and receiving of non- verbal messages has a great impact in a diverse workplace. It is important in describing the shared sign between the people which includes expression, gesture and posture. Facial expressions are more or less similar in various cultures unlike language. These are convenient in a workplace because it is not possible for everyone to know the language of other countries. But non verbal communication can take many forms and its effectiveness in a global market sometimes becomes the turning point of understanding. People from low context culture depend on precise verbal communication. So, it can be expected from the person of low- context culture that he will know a lot about another person. It implies that a lot of information is shared in detail through the messages and there is no scope of keeping anything hidden. In a low context culture the relationships tend to start and end in a hurry because things are done by maintaining procedures keeping in mind the goal to be achieved. The use of non- verbal messages is less in low- context cultural interaction (Norbury 2014). The verbal words are given more importance than the context. The communication that will take place between the two people in the given situation will exchange ideas, information and opinions. Upward communication is not used much as a student in school for the professor or as an employee in the office. There was an instance when I used upward communication in school for protesting against the issue of racism in my class. I was among those few who stood up for the poor victim of racism but did not get any justice. This unexpected outcome drew me away from the decision of contacting the higher authorities. I developed an idea that upward communication is not as effective as downward communication (Roloff 2014). The most frustrating barrier to communication is the lack of attention, interest, distractions and irrelevance on the part of the receiver. It seems like an insult to the sender when his messages are not received properly at the other end. To mitigate this barrier, the sender must use variations in the mode of communication that he is using so that the receiver can grab the object of attraction in the content (Stokoe 2014). The horizontal and diagonal communications are difficult to attain because there are less control over information and coordination is not maintained. The effectiveness in these types of communication is lower than upward and downward communication because the people involved are not compelled to reply or revert back. For an organization, it is recommended to use upward and downward communication because without a communication between the superior and his subordinate an organization cannot function. This communication helps in maintaining a good relationship between the management and the employees which leads to organizational discipline and effective decision- making (Ting?Toomey 2015). Reference Blok, V., 2014. Look who's talking: responsible innovation, the paradox of dialogue and the voice of the other in communication and negotiation processes.Journal of Responsible Innovation,1(2), pp.171-190. Chaney, L. and Martin, J., 2013.Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Clements, J., 2015. TU?CD?213?02: Communication, Negotiation, and Persuasion: Approaches for Better Results.Medical physics,42(6), pp.3598-3598. Clohisy, D.R., Yaszemski, M.J. and Lipman, J., 2017. Leadership, Communication, and Negotiation Across a Diverse Workforce*: An AOA Critical Issues Symposium.JBJS,99(12), p.e60. Ebner, N., 2017. Communication in Negotiation. Kurtz, S., Silverman, J. and Draper, J., 2016.Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine. CRC press. Lane, H.C., Hays, M.J., Core, M.G. and Auerbach, D., 2013. Learning intercultural communication skills with virtual humans: Feedback and fidelity.Journal of Educational Psychology,105(4), p.1026. Markowitz, M.S. and Rubin, M.E., 2016. Day 3-Creative Collaborations II: Workshop on Trust, Communication, and Negotiation. McFadden, D., 2014. Culture, Business Negotiation and Mediation: Understanding Cultural Differences, Communication Styles and Finding Mutual Understanding.Asian Dispute Review,16(3), pp.132-136. Mircic?, N., 2014. Constructive communication in effective negotiation.Analysis and Metaphysics,13, pp.64-72. Mustapha, M., Rogers, E.A., Duffy, B. and Gladding, S., 2016, May. GENDER MATTERS: ASSESSING DISPARITIES AND PROMOTING EQUITY THROUGH IMPROVED RESIDENT COMMUNICATION, LEADERSHIP, AND NEGOTIATION. InJOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE(Vol. 31, pp. S821-S822). 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA: SPRINGER. Norbury, C.F., 2014. Practitioner review: Social (pragmatic) communication disorder conceptualization, evidence and clinical implications.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,55(3), pp.204-216. Roloff, M.E., 2014. 9 Negotiation and communication: Explication and research questions.Interpersonal Communication,6, p.201. Stokoe, E., 2014. The Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM): A method for training communication skills as an alternative to simulated role-play.Research on Language and Social Interaction,47(3), pp.255-265. Ting?Toomey, S., 2015. Identity negotiation theory.The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication.

Instructions to Art Faculty for Completing the Out Essays

Instructions to Art Faculty for Completing the Outline of Faculty Data (OFD) How to use this document: . Insure that the Word feature "Comments" is on. There are instructions and tips within the document to help you. How you access Comments depends on the version of Word that you have. . Throughout this template formatted, placeholder text in NON-bold parentheses is to be replaced with the required information. Just swipe (select) the placeholder text, including the parentheses, and type in your content. Be careful not to swipe anything beyond the parentheses or you may adversely affect the formatting. If you are copying and pasting type from another document, or from within the OFD, a clipboard icon will appear near where you have pasted. Click on the icon and select "Match Destination Formatting" to apply the correct formatting. Anything that is outside of parentheses is to be left as is, and answered where required. When a category does not apply to you type N/A. Delete unused placeholder text. When entering data in tables, if you require additional rows for more entries select the existing last row and then select from the main menu: Table>Insert>Rows Below. . Whenever possible use columned lists or bulleted lists. Fewer pages in the OFD are preferable to more pages, so save space when possible. Use rhetorical, descriptive text only when required. However, the contents of columned-lists or bulleted-lists may also include more than just the facts; text describing the listed item may be helpful. In categories that might use either, or both, lists and rhetorical text, a placeholder version of both has been provided. The version of placeholder text in a given category is what is the most likely version required. If, however, you require something different, feel free to copy and paste another version of placeholder text. Not all categories require a separate column of dates or a column just for international, national, or regional. These columned-lists are most appropriate for certain categories under research and service, which is why you won't find them elsewhere. . You do NOT enter anything in the Teaching sub-category, "Teaching as Evaluated by Students and Peers". Copies of your teaching evaluations will be added to your folder by the art office. . Place published reviews of YOUR work in the Research sub-category, "Honors Received and Recognition for Research, Scholarship, Creative Activity:". Rather than follow the prior departmental practice of creating a new and additional category titled "Bibliography", just include reviews, acknowledgments, or mention of your research or creative activity in the existing category "Honors Received and Recognition for Research, Scholarship, Creative Activity". Outline of Faculty Data I. General Information (Swipe this and type your name here) Department of Art (Swipe this and type your present rank here) Date of Last Promotion: Years Experience at MTSU: Total Years of Experience: Tenured: (Swipe this and type Yes or No) Date Tenure Received: II. Education Earned Degrees: Degree: Year Awarded: Institution: |(Example) |(Example) |(Example) | |(Example) |(Example) |(Example) | Major of Highest Earned Degree: Quarter Hours Since Last Degree: Semester Hours Since Last Degree: III. Professional Experience Full-Time Experience: Dates: Position: Organization/Institution: |(Example) |(Example) |(Example) | |(Example) |(Example) |(Example) | Part-Time Experience: Dates: Position: Organization/Institution: |(Example) |(Example) |(Example) | |(Example) |(Example) |(Example) | IV. Teaching Brief Description of Teaching Activities: (Swipe this paragraph and replace with rhetorical text describing teaching activities.) . (List teaching activities instead of, or in addition to, rhetorical text.) . (List teaching activities instead of, or in addition to, rhetorical text. Continue bullets as needed.) Specialized Faculty Status(es): (Swipe this paragraph and replace with rhetorical text describing faculty status.) . (List specialized faculty statuses instead of, or in addition to, rhetorical text.) . (List specialized faculty statuses instead of, or in addition to, rhetorical text. Continue bullets as needed.) Teaching as Evaluated by Students and Peers: Advisement and Mentoring of Students: Undergraduate and Graduate Advising: (Swipe this paragraph and replace with rhetorical text regarding advising.) . (List advising activities instead of, or in addition to, rhetorical text.) . (List advising activities instead of, or in addition to, rhetorical text. Continue bullets as needed.) Efforts to provide a mentor relationship with students (e.g. co-author of paper, joint performance, presentation, independent study courses, etc.). Include dates: (Swipe this paragraph and replace with rhetorical text regarding mentoring.) . (List mentoring

Free Essays on Founding Brothers, By Joseph J. Ellis Book Review

The opposing ideologies during the post-revolutionary era of individual liberty (the Jeffersonian outlook) versus collective nationalism (the Hamiltonian outlook) had the potential to swallow the infant American union into an abyss of anarchy. As Ellis puts it, â€Å"The politics of the 1790s was a truly cacophonous affair.† (page 16). Similar revolutions in Europe had resulted in postbellum nightmares, where differing parties and ideologies had fought to the death over power. But the American Revolution was a colonial revolution very different than others in that its founders’ acumen allowed them to safely place their opposing ideologies in a governmental structure containing political parties, and thus form a basis of government on healthy debate as opposed to antagonism. Through six stories and themes on specific events in the lives of Hamilton, Burr, Jefferson, Franklin, Washington, Adams, and Madison, â€Å"Founding Brothers† masterfully explains how the fou nders were able to â€Å"contain the explosive energies of the debate† (15), and thereby successfully create what is now the longest and most enduring republic of all time, the United States. Professor Ellis employs a stylistically unique way of presenting and detailing this overwhelmingly massive and often daunting subject of history. He uses stories as his format to capture the personalities, temperaments and dynamic interactions of the leading figures, and he presents them as real people we can relate to, with shortcomings and other imperfections. His purpose is to reveal the unique origin and character of the American Revolution as a colonial revolution very different from others in history and to reveal the origin of how the major ideas and institutions of the United States were decided. The thrust and primary thesis, however, are to show how these political leaders functioned as a collective unit in which each leader contributed a specific strength. This collective balan... Free Essays on Founding Brothers, By Joseph J. Ellis Book Review Free Essays on Founding Brothers, By Joseph J. Ellis Book Review The opposing ideologies during the post-revolutionary era of individual liberty (the Jeffersonian outlook) versus collective nationalism (the Hamiltonian outlook) had the potential to swallow the infant American union into an abyss of anarchy. As Ellis puts it, â€Å"The politics of the 1790s was a truly cacophonous affair.† (page 16). Similar revolutions in Europe had resulted in postbellum nightmares, where differing parties and ideologies had fought to the death over power. But the American Revolution was a colonial revolution very different than others in that its founders’ acumen allowed them to safely place their opposing ideologies in a governmental structure containing political parties, and thus form a basis of government on healthy debate as opposed to antagonism. Through six stories and themes on specific events in the lives of Hamilton, Burr, Jefferson, Franklin, Washington, Adams, and Madison, â€Å"Founding Brothers† masterfully explains how the fou nders were able to â€Å"contain the explosive energies of the debate† (15), and thereby successfully create what is now the longest and most enduring republic of all time, the United States. Professor Ellis employs a stylistically unique way of presenting and detailing this overwhelmingly massive and often daunting subject of history. He uses stories as his format to capture the personalities, temperaments and dynamic interactions of the leading figures, and he presents them as real people we can relate to, with shortcomings and other imperfections. His purpose is to reveal the unique origin and character of the American Revolution as a colonial revolution very different from others in history and to reveal the origin of how the major ideas and institutions of the United States were decided. The thrust and primary thesis, however, are to show how these political leaders functioned as a collective unit in which each leader contributed a specific strength. This collective balan...

Chicago Referencing †Citing a Paper from a Conference

Chicago Referencing – Citing a Paper from a Conference Chicago Referencing – Citing a Paper from a Conference (Author–Date Style) The collected papers from an academic conference are often published as â€Å"conference proceedings.† But how do you cite a paper from a conference in an essay or dissertation? In this post, we look at doing exactly that using Chicago author–date style referencing. In-Text Citations To cite a paper from a conference, give the author’s surname and the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the relevant passage: Gin production increased between 1688 and 1721 (Gordon 2004). If you are quoting a conference paper, moreover, include a page number after a comma: This led to a â€Å"state of moral panic† (Hendrick 1990, 108). If the author is already named in the text, there is no need to repeat this information in the citation. Instead, give the year of publication (and any page numbers) immediately after the author’s surname. Reference List: Published Paper from Proceedings If you have cited a paper taken from published proceedings, use the following format in the reference list at the end of your document: Surname, First Name. Year of Publication. â€Å"Title of Paper.† In Title of Published Proceedings, edited by Editor Name(s), page numbers. City of Publication: Publisher. In practice, then, the reference list entry for a published conference paper would look like this: Gordon, Alexander. 2004. â€Å"Reexamining the Gin Craze.† In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Historical Beverages, edited by Franciscus Sylvius, 24-31. New York: NYU Press. Reference List: Unpublished Paper from a Conference Occasionally, you may want to cite an unpublished conference paper. This will typically be a paper you saw presented in person or that the author has made available online, but that has not been published in any proceedings. The format to use in your reference list in this case is: Surname, First Name. Year of Presentation. â€Å"Title of Paper.† Presented at Name, Location and Date of Conference. For example, we could present an unpublished conference paper as follows: Hendrick, William. 1990. â€Å"Legal Responses to the London Gin Craze.† Presented at The Annual Conference of Historical Beverages, New York University, New York, 24-27 June 1990.

Argumentative paper in the fire service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentative paper in the fire service - Essay Example However that is not the view of some other religions, for instance Islam. In Islam topics such as sexuality are not discussed out right openly and are not considered appropriate at all for their teenagers to be taught. However a high school student will not be allowed to graduate unless they take and pass their sex education class. Does sexual education really provide a platform where it helps the teenager; regardless shouldn't the beliefs of a religion be respected first My own parents tried to talk to the dean and principal and tried to explain to them that they do not wish for me to take this class, however to their shock the request was denied. It is amazing since the American culture itself teaches nothing but respect for other cultures. Toleration is taught all through life. No prayers are said specifically since that might violate the practices of another religion. But when it comes to sex education, it is not understandable why this rule cannot be bended for Muslim children. Has it really been proven that a sexual education class actually has helped increase teenage abstinence Or has it actually decreased it Let us take a look at some statistics. According to a survey conducted by the Global Virtual University in 2002, teenagers between the ages of 15 and19, there were 53 out of every thousand teenager getting pregnant in US. United States of America is a country where we pay severe attention to sex education and make sure that it is drilled into our children's heads that it is unsafe to have sex without any protection and that teenage pregnancy are not good for their and their baby's health. The same survey was taken for a completely eastern country, where it is almost unlawful to even discuss anything related to sex, Pakistan. The figure that we see there is that every 50 girls out of 1000 become pregnant. It is not safe or recommended to completely eliminate sex education from schools; however it also not fair to hold children back from graduation ju st on the basis that they didn't attend a sex education class. It should not be mandatory in a society where we respect other religions. Even though the statistics are almost the same in both western and eastern countries, so does this justify the practice to mandate the sex education classes as a requirement for high school graduation "When it comes to opinions about sex, people all too often inhabit different worlds, speak different languages, hold incompatible and widely divergent views. The situation is further complicated by differences compounded by gender, social class, culture and other factors, and by the existence of numerous pressure groups, each with a different agenda, and often each talking at cross-purposes with the others, vying for influence in sec education policy"(Halstead, and Reiss 15). The main concern of making sex education mandatory for every student is that it violates the practices of many cultures and religions. It is not an accepted practice to discuss such issues in many cultures with their young. In the previous paragraph it has been shown that providing sex education and not providing i t has not really made a difference in the statistics of teenage pregnancy. It only varies over a 3%. So than what is to say that sex education is the only way to reform sexual attitudes in a society. "The immigrant Mus- lims are experiencing new pressures, both domestic and foreign,

Security Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Security Management - Essay Example organizing physical detection, alarm, response, and control systems; for many federal and private occasions and on regular basis. According to Mullins, a central part of the study of organization and management is the development of management thinking and what might be termed management theory. The application of theory brings about change in actual behavior. So when a security specialist starts applying the management theory, he can change the entire behavior of the organization towards security. The Security manager's primary duty involves managing and supervising the security employees. The security programs like personnel, physical, information, or industrial security does need experts in their area of specialization. A security expert in Information system may not handle all the physical security threats. This makes the necessity of security expert in that particular field to operate the security operations in the organization. Just like, risk management, security is also to be managed with reference to its plan, standards and practices. The security mangers who are authoritative to execute this security managers are the ones who are experts in the special fields. In order to avoid, line and staff conflict, many organizations directly hand the responsibility of security management to the person who is expert and specialist in handling the particular security tasks. But the entire security management on its own is a process and needs to be managed by people. Here comes the need for the role of a security manager, to manage the activity of security. Management in its true sense is, a process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. In criminology, it is very important to study the organizational behavior along with the individual human behavior. Just like as organizational behavior gives an integrated and contingency approach to management, it also gives an edge to perform the security activity to the security specialists. The understanding of organizational behavior will enhance the chances of successful implantation of the security project. The organizational and group behavior dynamics will highlight the areas of concentration basing on scientific foundations. Organization behavior coordinates the diversified range of disciplines. Management in other terms is doing the job in a well-organized, efficient manner, making good use of all resources like, time, money, human resources and the efforts. Also the basic functions of Management are named as Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting, (Gulick & Urwick 1937) The roles of the manager involve, Interpersonal roles like, Figurehead, Leader, Liaison 2) Informational roles such as Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson, 3) Decisional roles Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocating

The Best Way for Women to Survive Essay Example for Free

The Best Way for Women to Survive Essay â€Å"I hope that she’ll be a fool—that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool†, Daisy says in the book The Great Gatsby written by F.Scott Fitzerald (20). In her mind, to be foolish is the best way to survive in the 1920’s in America, an era when women are not treated as fairly as men. Based on Nick’s narration, Daisy is an extraordinarily charming, desirable, but careless and selfish character who is married to a wealthy and, powerful, young man named Tom Buchanan. Daisy breaks the promise with Gatsby, as a smart and subtle woman, who only concerns herself with her own benefits. However, she acts superficially as a poor fool since she always lives in her own illusion, and doesn’t know what is she really wants. When Daisy confronts a situation that she needs to make choices between things, she always runs away from them and prefers to keep everything unchanged and controlled, in order to get rid of the pressure, insecurity and conflicts in her deep inside. None but a fool would do such a thing since everyone knows that nothing lasts forever. To marry Tom is what Daisy has to do because she is tired of waiting, waiting for Gatsby to come back. She feels satisfied and secured when she decides to marry Tom. However, on the night before her wedding, Daisy pulls out â€Å"a string of pearls valued at three hundred and fifty thousand dollars†, and wants Jordan â€Å"tell’em all Daisy’s change her mine†, and she â€Å"cried and cried† (91, 92). Finally, â€Å"the pearls were around her neck and the incident was over† only â€Å"half an hour later† (92). After Daisy receives a letter from Gatsby, she does try to change her mind for Gatsby. However, this sudden letter breaks Daisy’s plan. Daisy can’t accept this change because she wants a steady life out of her illusion, which is in her control. As a result, she is married to Tom to finish what she plans to. After the marriage, even though Daisy suffers from the betrayal and abandonment from Tom, she still stays with him. She puts her real feelings away and walks into her â€Å"well-designed†Ã‚  illusory world. For instance, when Tom receives a call from his mistress, he goes inside to pick up the call without a world, Daisy then â€Å"suddenly threw her napkin on the table and excused herself and went into house† (17). In other words, Daisy clearly knows the affair of her husband. She just buries her miserable emotion inside and doesn’t complain. Moreover, on the day when Daisy’s daughter is born, Tom is â€Å"God knows where† (20). This implies one of the causes why Daisy feels â€Å"cynical† about everything and becomes more careless (19). It is torturing that her husband does not stay with her even on the day her daughter was born but what Daisy does is just turning away her head and weeping hopelessly. There is no doubt that Daisy understands her marriage is based on the money. She doesn’t gain happiness even though she gets her so called security and wealth from Tom. Ironically, she pretends that everything is going well and doesn’t face the problems in her life. Isn’t she a fool? Apparently, she just tries to obtain what would make her life easier, without realizing what she really wants. Daisy knows about her life as a certain way: calm and stable. Therefore, she would never choose Gatsby before she met Tom nor after her marriage. When Gatsby requires Daisy to tell Tom she never loves Tom, Daisy cried to Gatsby, â€Å"You want too much. I love you now—isn’t that enough?† (158). The word â€Å"cried† vividly exhibits how scared and nervous Daisy is at that time, which also reveals that she doesn’t even know how to deal with the problems that happens beyond her illusion. Additionally, she â€Å"sobs helplessly† and says to Gatsby, â€Å"I did love him once—but I loved you too† (159). To keep her marriage with Tom and affair with Gatsby at the same time definitely is a silly, bad idea, which foreshadows that Daisy would have chosen one of them eventually. What’s more, Daisy runs away with Tom after the car accident. After all Gatsby is the one who takes the blame of killing for Daisy, but she neither calls Gatsby nor goes to his funeral. Once again, from the beginning to the end, Daisy never thinks about to elope with Gatsby because she can’t accept the truth: the appearance of Gatsby is about to ruin her life which is supposed to be stable. Daisy realizes that she is living in her illusion, but she is still unwilling to face the truth. After struggling with the conflicts in her mind, she always chooses to escape from the reality. She gets what she wants from Tom, but at the expense of losing her morality and the ability and right of enjoying the true love and pursuing  what she wants. As a woman living in 1920s when women are tend to be ignored, Daisy’s destiny can be said as a misery, or tragedy. When Daisy is being lured to go away from husband and family by Gatsby, her marriage is put into the edge and, she is blamed for the affair. Being a product for which the men are fighting further emphasizes that, Daisy’s sadness and all her careless, foolish actions are resulted from the cruel society. From all of Daisy’s sufferings, it is not hard to understand that why she says she wants her daughter to be a little fool at the beginning of the book. Truly, only being a fool can she avoid herself from a ll the unnecessary problems. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F S. The Great Gatsby. 1st ed. Toronto, Ontario: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, Print.

Environmental Problems :: essays research papers

Environmental Problems In today’s environment Palm Beach County alone faces many environmental problems, which can turn disastrous if not taken care of. Included in these problems are air pollution, water contamination, and urban explosion. Air pollution is a major factor threatening our health and our environment. Due to the pollutants that circulate in the air, many people can come into contact with cancer causing gases. Atmospheric contaminants are derived from human practices, such as gas from automobiles, factories, and even chimneys. Pollutants do not only cause damage to our health, but they cause damage to the health of plants and animals as well. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide cause damage to leaves of crop plants and trees when they enter leaf pores. Exposure of leaves to air pollutants can also break down the waxy coating that helps prevent excessive water loss and damage from diseases, pests, drought, and frost. Water pollution is another problem our county faces. There are many causes for water pollution but two general categories exist: direct and indirect contaminant sources. Direct sources include effluent outfalls from factories, waste treatment plants etc., which emit fluids of varying quality directly into urban water supplies. Although these practices are regulated, this doesn't mean that pollutants can't be found in these waters. Indirect sources include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rainwater. Soils and groundwater contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes. The effects of water pollution are varied and can be severe. They include poisonous drinking water, poisonous food animals, unbalanced river and lake ecosystems that can no longer support full biological diversity, deforestation from acid rain, and many other effects. These effects are harmful to everyone either directly or indirectly. It seems as if everywhere you look you either see construction, or a sign confirming construction will soon be present in that particular area. Urban explosion has played a big role in Palm Beach County’s environmental problems. Construction of so many new restaurants and stores has lured many new residents to Palm Beach County. This urban sprout has slowly deteriorated the natural habitat in many areas where entire forests have been cut down in order to make room for homes and new resident areas.

Misconceptions of a Tenth-Century Muslim Traveler

Historical and cultural accounts are important documents in order for the next generation to mirror the past and learn from the early people. If such accounts are incomplete and biased, the people being described may be underestimated and the readers may be misled. The essay written by Al Mas'udi on the natives of Oman or the Zanj tribe is one example of a cultural account lacking in information and depth.As a merchant, Al Mas'udi gave a commercialist account of what can be found in Oman. In focusing much on what he could benefit from in the country, he failed to give a truthful observation of the people—their culture, beliefs, and traditions. This narrow point of view by a merchant traveler, if given serious consideration, may be dangerous as it may picture the people of Oman differently.In his essay, the author regarded the sail to the sea of Oman as the most dangerous, saying, â€Å"I do not know of one more dangerous than that of the Zanj.† This introduction could l ead the readers to be disappointed from going to the place because of the danger he stated. Also, Mas’udi used the term Zanj to refer to all the people in Oman, but this is not proper because the word has a connotation that may demean his subjects. Such terms are said to be taboo, just like the term â€Å"Negroes† for Black Americans for this remind the Blacks of their painful past.The journal of Mas’udi also contained misconceptions about the natives of Oman as he pictured them to be like savages who â€Å"do not use [elephants] for war or anything but only hurt and kill them.† This statement is too rude as it depicts a tribe that did not pay respect for animal life, but a tribe that was so cruel and uncivilized.On the positive side, though, the author mentioned that the people had a beautiful language and they had a preacher to teach them about God. However, he said that there were no religious laws, which leads us to asking, what do the preachers preac h aside from the law of their god? Truly, this statement gives a confusion on the people’s beliefs.As a traveler, one thing that Mas’udi must have done was to respect the people he observed and carefully write about them, without missing out on details which could lead the audience to misconceptions.This is similar to the term lesbian which was given a misconception from its original meaning of â€Å"people of Lesbos,† an island where the poet Sappho originated. The term was later given negative interpretation due to interpretations of the author’s poems which depicted platonic love between women. Indeed, we can see, â€Å"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing!† (Pope 1709)Work Citedâ€Å"Lesbos Lived on an Island.† Pearl’s Rainbow Key West. 3 December 2007.. Misconceptions of a Tenth-Century Muslim Traveler Historical and cultural accounts are important documents in order for the next generation to mirror the past and learn from the early people. If such accounts are incomplete and biased, the people being described may be underestimated and the readers may be misled. The essay written by Al Mas'udi on the natives of Oman or the Zanj tribe is one example of a cultural account lacking in information and depth.As a merchant, Al Mas'udi gave a commercialist account of what can be found in Oman. In focusing much on what he could benefit from in the country, he failed to give a truthful observation of the people—their culture, beliefs, and traditions. This narrow point of view by a merchant traveler, if given serious consideration, may be dangerous as it may picture the people of Oman differently.In his essay, the author regarded the sail to the sea of Oman as the most dangerous, saying, â€Å"I do not know of one more dangerous than that of the Zanj.† This introduction could l ead the readers to be disappointed from going to the place because of the danger he stated. Also, Mas’udi used the term Zanj to refer to all the people in Oman, but this is not proper because the word has a connotation that may demean his subjects. Such terms are said to be taboo, just like the term â€Å"Negroes† for Black Americans for this remind the Blacks of their painful past.The journal of Mas’udi also contained misconceptions about the natives of Oman as he pictured them to be like savages who â€Å"do not use [elephants] for war or anything but only hurt and kill them.† This statement is too rude as it depicts a tribe that did not pay respect for animal life, but a tribe that was so cruel and uncivilized.On the positive side, though, the author mentioned that the people had a beautiful language and they had a preacher to teach them about God. However, he said that there were no religious laws, which leads us to asking, what do the preachers preac h aside from the law of their god? Truly, this statement gives a confusion on the people’s beliefs.As a traveler, one thing that Mas’udi must have done was to respect the people he observed and carefully write about them, without missing out on details which could lead the audience to misconceptions. This is similar to the term lesbian which was given a misconception from its original meaning of â€Å"people of Lesbos,† an island where the poet Sappho originated. The term was later given negative interpretation due to interpretations of the author’s poems which depicted platonic love between women. Indeed, we can see, â€Å"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing!† (Pope 1709)Work Citedâ€Å"Lesbos Lived on an Island.† Pearl’s Rainbow Key West. 3 December 2007..

Ethics Essay Primark Essay

This essay shall look at the cost to human life and lifestyle through the demand of low cost clothing in the UK. This will be undertaken specifically looking at Primark and the Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh, observed as modern day slavery, having a â€Å"race to the bottom† characteristics, occurring as a consequence of globalisation. This essay will analyse differing ethical approaches including Virtue, Kantian and Utilitarian ethics. An overview of the findings will be given, using the Rana Plaza Factory in Bangladesh as a case study, along with an analysis of Primark’s supply chain. Bangaldesh has for many years has been used for outsourcing, attractive to western clothing companies supply chains due to low costs. Bangladeshi’s economy is almost entirely reliant upon these export sales (80%) in the cloth trade (Jacob, 2012). Given this, it is clear that the Rana Plaza disaster (2013) killing more than 1000 workers did not have only a local effect, but a global one, with it raising many questions. It has been attested that those who died, did so as a consequence of poor operations management. The disaster further served to highlight that conditions of many factories were poor and often illegal. Large fashion brands including Primark, were seemingly happy to ignore such factors, to continue to gain profit, observed by the lack of procedures in place to ensure that standards of health and safety were met. This alongside the knowledge that child labour was often used, has led to many questions regarding irresponsibility of western companies. Despite the cost of life in one of the major disasters (the Rana Plaza collapse) of the fashion industry, Primark has made huge profits (44 % higher than in 2012) highlighting that cost rather than ethics is at the forefront of the stakeholders. The race to the bottom characteristics1 of Bangladesh have facilitated giant western companies, cheaper labour and goods. Furthermore the lack of enforcement of the limited laws and regulations, along with the Bangladesh’s class system, to some extent has allowed large companies to exploit these loopholes, given that Bangladesh’s economy is dependent on the textile industry, worth one billion dollars in 1985 and now estimated to be worth over 20 billion dollars (Young, 2013). What has been debated is whether or companies such as Primark are ensuring, and not just assuming, that all in their supply change are acting ethically. The focus of this  study will be on Primark. Fast Fashion â€Å"That bastion of fast fashion, scorned and idolised by the British public – indeed, all of Europe† (Joy, et al., 2012). Fast fashion may be described as inexpensive clothing which mimics catwalk fashion trends, lasting only the trend, thus part of the throwaway culture leading to unsustainability. This is supported by Joy et al. (2012) who express that fashion trends run their course, with today’s styles outdoing yesterdays, with yesterday’s having already been relegated as trash (Joy, et al., 2012), this is Primark’s main business model offering competitive advantage and success. For example, fast fashion results in consumers having at least 30% of unworn clothing (worth  £30 million) with approximately  £140 million of used clothing going to landfill annually (WRAP, 2014). Changing trends have shown that in the 1900s, 15 % was spent on clothing in comparison to 2.8 % (2010), although a greater number of items were purchased with the onset of time, indicating that the majority of purchases were low-cost items. Packard (REF) refers to â€Å"consumerism† in negative way, highlighting the role of advertising in the creation of â€Å"consumption for consumption’s sake â€Å", which leads to mindless consumerism, whereby individuals are â€Å"more wasteful, imprudent, and carefree† in their habits. As a consequence natural resources are utilised unnecessarily at an alarming rate. Therefore indicating that all stakeholders of Primark, including consumers are participants of â€Å"mindless consumerism†. Stakeholder theory Initially, Milton Friedman’s stakeholder theory will be utilised, Friedman is known for his famous quote of â€Å"business of business is business†. He claims that there is one, and only one social responsibility of business, to use it resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits, so long as it stays within the rules of the game, therefore â€Å"engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.† REF he furthers this by expressing what does it mean to say that â€Å"business† has responsibilities?, only people have responsibilities. As articulated by Friedman (1970), a corporation is an artificial person and in this sense may have artificial  responsibilities, but â€Å"business† as a whole cannot be said to have responsibilities, even in this vague sense’ .Milton. Ref â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† New York Times Magazine, 13 September 1970. Identifying that Milton Friedman thinks that businesses should only look at the shareholders in the organisation, their priorities and needs. For instance, as with Primark low prices, to maximise profits for shareholders. Freeman Alternatively, Freeman contradicts Friedman’s theory through the stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984). Freeman states that business will only maximize profit over the long-term, if it takes into account its social responsibilities Businesses that are seen to ignore the interests of the wider community and to fail to protect society’s welfare will pay in terms of damage to image and reputation. Although it is evident that Freeman’s theory did not hold, as despite the Rana Plaza disaster, and associated unethical practices, Primark has continued to be successful. As Freedman states Primark should not only look at their shareholders interest but should also proactively engage with stakeholders. Responsibilities of supply chains and due diligence Due diligence is the procedure by which companies monitor and review actions of a company, prior to signing a contract. Intrinsically this procedure is used to identify whether the â€Å"business partner† is working to a standard which complies with that required by the investor (Brown et al). Therefore identifying if a company is adhering to its own code of ethics, as they would have prior knowledge of the proposed outsourcer and their standards, allowing them to make an informed choice. This is undertaken by â€Å"best practice† of due diligence, in doing this Primark could obtain information that could be critically evaluated to ensure that their business partners in the supply chain are acting responsibly. Highlighting a lack of due diligence by Primark, in place at the time of the Rana Plaza disaster. Supply chain With the onset of globalisation, many difficulties as well as advantages have  arisen. One of the main difficulties associated with globalisation is the lack of visibility and transparency of the supply chain, which may lead to risk, as highlighted by the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply (CIPS) who disclosed that within at least 11 % of UK business, it was highly probable that â€Å"modern slavery† exists within the supply chain. As emphasised by the Rana Plaza collapse, the problems of lack of visibility are inherent, due to extensive supply chains, with many of the associated problems as a consequence undisclosed to buyers. Researched by the CIPS states, ~72% of British supply chain professionals have no visibility of their supply chains beyond the second level with only 11% having complete visibility of the chain (Noble, 2014). It is not understood whether Primark was fully aware of the problems at the Rana Plaza factory, although they could still be considered at fault, due to ineffective checks and monitoring of subcontractors, highlighted by Panorama (date). Alternatively it could be assumed that Primark was indeed aware and was willing to take the risk, for profitability, at what cost? Irresponsible behaviour analysis Fast fashion underpins the entire fashion merchandising industry. Children and adults are used to produce such fashion items, primarily in underdeveloped countries including Bangladesh. These individuals work in very poor, and often dangerous conditions, earning very small amounts of money. In working, the young children are unable to access education. The workers have limited rights and are general thankful to be able to earn any amount of money whatsoever. Western society often views such circumstances as being exploitative and unethical. There are several theories of ethics which have differing viewpoints. These include a Utilitarian, Kantian and Virtue ethics. Utilitarian ethics relate to benefiting the majority of society, focussing not upon individuals but a collective whole. Many businesses utilise this approach as a basis to provide guidelines for ethical decision making for the greater good. The outcome is that the majority of stakeholders benefit. Utilitarianism looks to fi t well into a company’s business strategy, connecting ethical responsibility with business and society, in their focus of striving and justifying their approach as being for the greater good for the majority Gustafson, 2013).. Therefore  from a consequential (Utalitarian approach) perspective, whereby an act is deemed to be right or wrong, is judged using two principles. Initially determining the outcome, with the proviso that the greatest good for the greatest number of individuals is attained, limiting harm and maximising overall good (Hartman & DesJardins, 2011). Therefore from a consequentialist viewpoint Primark did not appropriately undertake a cost versus benefit analysis, by not accounting for their lenient attitude in respect of their suppliers. Knowledge of poor working and safety conditions were widely known prior to the collapse of the Rana Plaza (BBC News, 2013), indicating that Primark had no regard with respect to risk factors, that could be caused by the absence of due diligence. Therefore, Primark did not act ethically, from a consequentialist viewpoint, exploiting workers for financial gain and simultaneously failing to achieve â€Å"the greatest good† for the â€Å"greatest num bers†. However, if the example of workers at the Rana Plaza factory is considered, working on behalf of Primark, it may be seen that these stakeholders suffered at the hands of a Utilitarian approach. This is due to the main driver of Primark’s business being profitability, along with a demand for cheap clothing by UK consumers, therefore the greater good does not incorporate the workers in the factories, paid low wages to keep production costs down. Despite this, it may be argued that without work, those effectively excluded from Utilitarian ethics would be left in an even more difficult position, having no finances whatsoever. Since Capitalist societies in general dominate the fast fashion market, the actions of these corporations must be evaluated and the significance of their impact considered. Given that such corporations are driven primarily by profit, many may suggest that the lack of provision of education and improved living and working conditions, is indicative of the fact that company’s do not consider if their actions are moral or not. Instead they do what they want, without thought of the negative impacts, to drive their goal, in Primark’s case the provision of cheap fashionable clothing. This is a clear demonstration of a company taking a Utilitarian approach, marginalising the minority whilst providing for the majority. However, from a deontological viewpoint, whereby dutiful obligation plays the greatest role, in which regardless of consequence all individuals are expected to do â€Å"the right thing† , with these actions deemed to be ethical, only if they have the  possibility to become general law (Fisher et al., 2013). In order to be a part of society, there are accepted social norms and laws that individuals must follow (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2014). Primark (supposedly) partakes in the following of societal norms, clearly stated within their ethical guidelines (2011), where they explicitly state amongst other norms, that Primark will not tolerate either unsafe or unhygienic working environments? Despite the inclusion of these norms within their guidelines, their failure to adhere to them is clearly visible. Despite Primark’s duty to do the â€Å"right thing†, they did not, from a deontological ethics viewpoint. Had Primark acted ethically in a deontological way, consideration of workers well-being, happiness and other rights would have been considered. Likewise Kantian ethics (1785), have the expectation that individuals are able to distinguish right from wrong, based on an individual’s beliefs and moral, not via legal laws. It is clear that no individual would consider working 19 hour shifts for very low wages an acceptable scenario, and allowing individuals to do so in the factories of Bangladesh, brings into question Primark’s ethical judgement, or lack of, based on Kantian ethics. However Kantian ethics is seen as opposing Utilitarianism, its core values emphasise treating employees as individuals, having equal value. Furthering this, Kantian ethics incorporates within its ethos that employees should not be treated ‘as a means to an end’ (Driver, 2006) and that each should have individual rights, whilst not being viewed only as a source of labour (Smith and Dubbink, 2011). The Kantian approach involves the decision-maker being detached from personal motives when making a judgement (Smith and Dubbink, 2011). In this approach, no external factors are considered. However, due to the personal emphasis on profit in the current climate, companies are unable to detach themselves from the personal motive of profit and cannot adhere to Kantian ethics (Driver, 2006). Virtue ethics focus on personal characteristics and whether or not they acted in a virtuous manner when making a decision (Driver, 2006). â€Å"Justice and generosity† are often agreed to be such traits that are employed to pursue good practice (Audi, 2012). Paralleling this to a company, a company would be deemed virtuous, and therefore acting ethically, if their intention was  to achieve a caring environment and general positivity of employees, rather than maximising profits alone. Once again, Primark based on virtue ethics is not observed, acted with no regard to safety or well-being. Recent initiatives to improve due diligence in the supply chain have been undertaken as a consequence of the Rana Plaza disaster, however consequential actions do not follow the rules of virtue ethics, actions must be commonly practiced. Evaluation of ethical theories and Primark Adam Smith states that â€Å"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest†. (1776, Wealth of Nations PAGE NUMBER). He attests that in engaging in self-interest that individuals also bring about greater good for the society as a whole. Smith furthers this in expressing that should an invisible hand be guiding the economy, then competitive producers would produce goods required at the lowest cost, leading to a self-regulatory economy, a free market. There are limited regulations with regards to Health and Safety in particular, in Bangladesh in comparison to the UK. Had Health and Safety been at the level of UK standards, with workers not having been used as a means to an end, as described by Kant, it is unlikely that the Rana Plaza tragedy would have occurred. However, in respect of a Utilitarian approach and cost-base analysis, without cheap labour, working in poor conditions, the outcome would not have been as required and consumers would not obtain cheap fast fashion goods, nor would shareholders resultantly be rewarded as expected. In this respect as the greater good is generally attained, individuals in Bangaldesh have employment, shareholders have profits and consumers have the latest cheap fast fashion. Therefore it may be criticised that no moral/ethical behaviour is taken into consideration within Smith’s theory (Mill, n.d.). Based on Kant’s theory it may be argued that the above scenario is in fact unethical, as the workers’ rights are not taken into consideration and that they are viewed only as a means to an end (Bowie, 2002), prioritising productivity and therefore profits, whilst viewing the employee only as a form of labour. When comparing a Kantian viewpoint to that of an Utalitarian perspective, then the Kantian standpoint does not consider a situation to be unethical even if it is for the greater  good, as in the case of an Utalitarian approach. Furthermore any gains made by a company that are achieved through any activity which does not take an employee’s rights into consideration is regarded as unethical (Bowie, 2002). However, for some consumers ethical responsibility of a company may influence whether they purchase a product, which may af fect profitability and could also affect brand and brand image. Damage to a brand is often irreversible. However, in the case of Primark after the factory collapse, due to unsafe and unethical practices; for example workers were locked in, unable to escape, luckily this potentially disastrous impact on brand image, had in reality little impact. Initially there was uproar and disgust expressed by western society, although this negative and damaging event slowly faded from the press and media, and rapidly from the minds of the consumer. Therefore highlighting that western consumers, although horrified and shocked about the conditions, seem not to care and have no moral stance and may be described as egoethical. Egoethical characteristics include self-interest without consideration of the consequences of the demand for cheap goods. Given the recent increase in interest regarding business ethics, it may be deemed that having an â€Å"ethical† business can lead to competitive advantage, attracting business from â€Å"ethical† consumers. Although in reality this may be a tool, used solely for the purpose of increasing profits rather than benefiting employees (Schwartz, 2011). The power of business in today’s society along with the time individuals spend in employment, necessitates the need for an ethical environment ( Mishra & Crampton, 1998) . Primark’s response and actions to improve ethics Balch (2013) expresses that companies are ethically responsible to deal with problems when and wherever they are highlighted. Ruggies (2010) framework in respect of human rights and business advocates that if a ‘problem’ arises within the supply chain, the inclusion of this part of the supply chain must be considered in respect of a company’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to define whether inclusion is crucial. Should it be considered crucial, the company must seek to safeguard that ethical practices are improved, if not critical, an alternative should be sought. Primark based on a consequentialist perspective as mentioned earlier, plays a large role in  Bangladesh’s economy, by the employment of many workers as part of its supply chain, with this it may be argued that Primark is supporting a reduction in poverty rates. Additionally as described by Primark’s Ethical Trading (2013), 85% of its Bangladeshi workforce are female, offering oppor tunity and developing their independence. Consequently it may be argued that if Primark removed its outsourcing from Bangladesh elsewhere, this would be extremely detrimental, and would add to the high numbers already living below the national poverty line , 49.8 % in 2002 (ILO, 2009), highlighting that despite many ethical reservations Primark impacts the country and the people of Bangladesh in a positive way. From a deontological perspective, almost immediately after then Rana Plaza disaster Primark was seen to be improving, observed by Primark’s assessment of structural integrity of the factories and also via their joining the Accord on Fire and Building Safety (Bangladesh Accord, 2013). Furthermore Primark later terminated contracts with factories that were investigated and were considered at risk of collapse. Primark attests that there is due diligence throughout its supply chain which is undertaken irrespective of consequence. From a virtuous perspective Primark immediately acknowledged its responsibility and responded instantaneously to the catastrophe of the Rana Plaza collapse (providing financial and food aid to victims and their relatives), in comparison to other major fashion chains also using the factory (Primark, 2013). Primark’s actions were virtuous, in that not only did they support â€Å"their† workers (and relatives), they supported those employed by other fashion chains within the Rana Plaza factory. Additionally it may be seen tthat Primark is working towards provision of improved well-being and education via projects such as their Health Enables Returns (HERproject) for female employees (Primark, 2011), enabling employees to have a better standard of living. Furthermore Primark is working towards suppliers increasing wages to give employees a â€Å"living wage† and to improve working conditions (Siegle, 2013). Conclusion Having evaluated and analysed Primark’s responsibilities and ethical considerations regarding their contribution to the Rana Plaza disaster, primarily based on a lack of due diligence in the supply chain, using a wide  variety of ethical theories, that presented a variety of perspectives. These have highlighted that Primark’s ethical standards were deficient and questionable, however subsequently Primark has identified its poor practice and is working towards sustainability, via a variety of ethical considerations, improving overall standards for its employees in the supply chain, demonstrating positive CSR. Although to what extent Primark may achieve and sustain these goals in the future, whilst still focussing on profitability may be uncertain.

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde Because they can both mean from, the Spanish prepositions desde and de are easily confused. And the fact that they sometimes are interchangeable - for example, both de aquà ­ al centro and desde aquà ­ al centro can be used for from here to downtown. - doesnt help matters. When to Use Desde However, as a general rule, it can be said that desde more strongly indicates motion from a location. To give two examples, desde commonly would be used in sentences such as Echà ³ el libro desde el coche (he threw the book from the car) and Corrià ³ desde la playa (he ran from the beach). It can similarly be used where the emphasis is on the original location rather than the destination. Desde also is used with other prepositions: desde arriba (from above), desde dentro (from inside), desde abajo (from underneath). Note that these phrases tend to indicate motion from the specified area. It is also common with time phrases. When to Use De There are numerous cases where de, not desde, must be used to translate from. Many of those are instances wherein the translation of can be substituted for from, even if awkwardly. Examples: Soy de los Estados Unidos. (Im from the United States. Im of the United States.) Sacà ³ el dinero de la bolsa. (She took the money from the purse. She took the money of the purse.) Sometimes the preposition por can be used to mean from: Est debilitado por hambre. (He is weak from hunger.) Sample Sentences Using De and Desde To Mean 'From' You can see more about how these prepositions are used in these sentences: Desde aquà ­ se ve todos los sitios turà ­sticos. (From here all the tourist sites are seen. Here, the emphasis is on the place to be in order to see the sites.)Desde siempre he sabido que la mà ºsica era algo muy importante. Since forever I have known that music is something very important. Desde siempre is a fairly common time phrase.)Esculpià ³ la estatua de piedra muy cara. (She sculpted the statue from very expensive stone. From in the translation could substitute for of.)Desde hace un aà ±o hasta dos meses, mi amiga estaba a cargo de la programacià ³n de la red. (From a year ago until two months ago, my friend was in charge of network programming. This is another example of desde in a time expression.) ¡Encuentra excelentes ofertas de vuelos desde Nueva York a Ciudad de Mà ©xico y ahorra con el mejor precio! (Find excellent sales of flights from New York to Mexico City and save with the best price! The flight involves motion from New York City.)El actor famoso dijo que sufrià ³ de depresion y adicciones. (The famous actor said he suffered from depression and addictions. De is used for from when the preposition is used to state the cause of something.) Mi novio es de un familia rica. (My boyfriend is from a rich family. From here could be substituted with of.)El presidente vivià ³ de 1917 a 1962. (The president lived from 1917 to 1962. De is used with the time element.)

Free Online Public Schools for California Students

Free Online Public Schools for California Students California offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in California. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. Virtual schools listed may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. List of California Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools California Virtual AcademiesChoice 2000Insight School of California - Los AngelesPacific View Charter School - Serving San Diego, Riverside, Orange, and Imperial Counties About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. Choosing a California Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see  how to choose an online high school.

Comparative criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Comparative criminal justice - Assignment Example The rulings of the lower courts can be appealed in the highest court –the Federal Court of Justice. The judges of local courts are tasked with hearing of prosecutions that lead to a sentence of not more than one year, whereas cases deemed to be more serious or leading to a sentence of up to three years, the local court judges are assisted by two lay judges who are equivalent of a jury in the common law system. Criminal cases which have sentences of more than three years are heard in a Land Court and presided over by three judges assisted by six lay judges. Cases such as genocide or treason, and appeals from lower courts are heard in a Land court of appeal, and are presided by a five judge bench. Japan’s criminal justice system, the penal code is based on the German model and are, therefore, very similar. The criminal procedure code guarantees the right of the accused and seems to be more accusatorial despite the fact that the judge is still allowed to question witnesses, and decide cases based on the evidence presented by both plaintiff and defendant. On the other hand, Saudis criminal justice system is based on the sharia, specifically the Hanbali school of Sunni Islam (Fairchild and Dammer 65). This system gave prominence to the beliefs and sayings of Muhammad, the prophet and Islam traditions. Crimes such as homicide, adultery, theft, personal injury, and so on, are defined carefully with penalties prescribed for each. As opposed to the German model or the common law, crimes such as homicide are considered crimes against a person not society, and as such the state administers justice on its own liking. In fact, victim’s family or the victim has the right to prescribe punishment or grant clemency. As opposed to German and Japanese criminal justice system, the Saudi criminal justice systems are based on concepts that are

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population Essay

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population and economy between 1348 and about 1500 - Essay Example The manner in which the plague quickly spread is rather disheartening. The action of the Sicilians to close their Messina port necessitated the ships from the east to seek available port alongside the Mediterranean. As such, the plague quickly grew and spread into the nations where these plague harboring ships anchored. In this way, the plague was responsible for the demise of approximately one third’s of England’s population. In approximately four years, the plague had covered almost the entire world. This illustrates the grave situation that had been fashioned by the plague. As such, it is imperative to analyze the exact impact of this plague on England as a whole. The steady growth that had characterized England prior to the plague experienced a sudden turn. The extent of deaths that were being realized from the plague has a resounding impact on the religious, economic, social and political structures. The fact that the ships could not anchor in Messina was not enoug h grounds to explain the sporadic nature of the spread of the plague. In sourcing the answer to this question, the situation that existed in England prior to the incidence of the Black Death, has to be highlighted. The source of the plague was from the fleas that were preset in animals. This is especially the big black rats. As long as the animals were alive, the fleas stayed with their host. However, a problem arose when these animals died; and the fleas had nowhere to go. In their search for a new host, they tended to also attack humans. As such, the fact that the plague killed one third of the entire England population, it left a significantly large impact on the political, economic and religious structure of England. At the time of the plague, England had been fiercely catholic; as such it is imperative to outline the impact of the Black Plague on religion in England. The plague had its most catastrophic impact in the cities (Sloanb 45). This is based on the fact that the cities had been characterized by overcrowding. Another factor that aided in this unrestricted spread was the low standards of sanitation in the cities at the time. The relative quick period between infection and ultimate demise had a profound impact on the religious practices at the time. The period of the 14th century was a period of profound religious inclinations. England was largely catholic. As such, it was a convention that people would die with their last rights and having confessed their sins. However, this procedure could not be sustained given the vast number of deaths that were being recorded. This compelled the Pope Clement VI to give remission to all those deaths was a directly sourced from the Black Plague. This is because the clergy were unable to be at the bedside of everyone who died. The religious transformation allowed the dying to confess their sins to anyone at their bedside. So much was the need to have people at the bedside of the dying that people were also allowed to confess to women. This had previously been unacceptable in the catholic religion. However, given the nature of the situation, this had to be accepted. The reliance on the clergy hit low probabilities given the characteristic of the plague in attacking isolated populations exemplified by monasteries. It is no surprise that people thought that the plague was as a result

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Strategic management - Essay Example The corporate culture of an organization is revealed in its client satisfaction, office setup, business hours, employee benefits, dress code, hiring decisions, turnover, treatment of clients, etc. According to Edgar Schein, the organizational culture is viewed as the simple beliefs and assumptions that function unconsciously and shared by members of a company (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, Angwin and Renger, 2013, p.147). The corporate culture has significant influence on the alteration and development of organizational strategies. Schultz and Ravasi stated that corporate culture is a set of collective assumptions that outlines proper behaviour for numerous conditions to guide what is happening within the organizations. The four different layers of organizational culture proposed by Edgar Schein are values, beliefs, behaviours and paradigm (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, Angwin and Renger, 2013, p.152). The corporate culture can affect the manner in which groups and people interact with stakeholders, with clients and with each other. A healthy corporate culture can help to improve the performance of an organization. Furthermore, it can benefit positive reputation, high employee retention and increased productivity. The organizational cultures include government, non-profit, public and private organizations. The company with positive corporate culture can make employees to experience positive attitude and high morale. It is critical for organization to develop implicit rules, clear understandings and core set of assumptions that can be effectively incorporate in the workplace environment. An effective corporate culture can help to lessen human resources costs and retain valuable employees of the organization. Moreover, it is believed that company with healthy corporate culture can increase profits, improve financial health, improve morale and increase productivity. The sustainability of corporate culture and focusing on building is one of the primary

Definitions of Health and Illness

Definitions of Health and Illness Victorine Diana Goin According to the definition offered by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (1948)[1] health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This paper seeks to offer critical analysis on the definitions of health and illness in respect of prominent academics in the field. Furthermore an in-depth discussion will be raised on the ways health can be perceived in a social context with regards to the relationship between negative social factors and health through the use of studies and surveys. To find the definition of health one can refer to Kenworthy (2002) who revealed the apparent links to theories that directly relate to health care. A noticeable theory consists of the biomedical concept. This concentrates on the belief that being healthy is to be without recognisable disease. One can see a direct contradiction of the biomedical concept of health in contrast to the definition offered by WHO (1948). On the other hand the WHO recognises that health is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This undoubtedly questions the strength of the biomedical concept in its definition of health. The definition revealed by WHO (1948) has similarities with the holistic concept of health which makes reference to the various dimensions of health each relating to each other and the need for health care professionals to treat the individuals and not just one aspect of their health. Ewles and Simnett (1992) made reference to the individuals physical, mental, emotional spiritual, social, sexual, societal and the environmental aspect of their health. Equally important is the definition of illness. When the elements of the WHO definition are not fulfilled then the individual may be regarded as ill. This is reflected by the definition offered in Mosbys Medical Dictionary (2009)[2]. He defines illness as an abnormal process in which aspects of the social, physical, emotional, or intellectual condition and function of a person are diminished or impaired compared with that persons previous condition. McWhinney (1987)[3] described illness as the subjective perception by a patient of an objectively defined disease. This is an interesting argument as it tells us the extent to which a patient may perceive their own illness. Indeed acknowledging this may be helpful in understanding the definition of illness. However on the other hand it does not allow for a uniform concrete definition as we are made aware that social aspects come to play as well as the individuals own perception. Kenworthy makes an interesting argument when he outlines that health is seen in the context of the distribution of illness, epidemiological patterns and class structures of that society. Helman (1992) builds upon this when he states that the presentation of illness and the way in which an individual responds to it is largely determined by sociological factors. In addition to this he elaborates that these factors influence the perception of which symptoms and signs are abnormal in a given culture. He gives the example of how a child growing in a particular culture learns how to respond to, and express a range of physical or emotional symptoms or social stresses in a culturally patterned way. (Helman 1992) This respect that everyones perception of illness will vary. Abraham Shanley (1992)[4] have adopted a health belief model which raises four key components of a persons belief about their own health. This includes how susceptible we are to the illness in question, the seriousness of the illness, the potential costs and the effectiveness of this action in relation to possible alternatives. The reasons behind the recognition of the socially constructed concept is illustrated by Kenworthy (2002) who points out that nurses for example have become more person centred and individualised whereas prior to this there was a more medical -disease orientated approach. This is emphasised by Corbett (1995) who identifies the recognition of the patient in healthcare as an active participant rather than a passive recipient of care Thus it is arguable that with the changing emphasis of care the study of the sociological aspect of patients has become almost a central feature in the education of nurses and doctors. According to the Poverty Site[5] (2009) poverty and health site the relationship between poverty and health is complex. Various factors are considered such as poor environmental conditions, poor housing, pollution, low education levels and unawareness of needed medical care, financial barriers in accessing health services, and a lack of resources necessary to maintain good health status which may entail poor diets. The Hillingdon Crime Survey 2004[6] is a good representation of the direct effects of crime on health. Although it was carried out five years ago it does offer insights into figures as to the direct and indirect effects of crime on health. The survey was based on a random sample of over 2400 residents on the electoral register of whom 25% responded. Twelve point six percent encountered direct effects of crime including physical injury, disability and death resulting from violent assaults, abuse and accidents, including those caused by dangerous driving. It was discovered that when asked the impact of crime on their health almost seven per cent reported an injury; 6.1% onset or relapse of an eating disorder; 9.4% increased use of alcohol, drugs and/or smoking; nearly 60% increased stress or anxiety, 28.2% depression and about 17% each reported isolation and insomnia. (Hillingdon Crime Survey 2004). On the other hand the indirect effects of crime on the victims health consisted of time off work, financial losses and changes in home circumstances. The findings also disclosed that for some victims, there were long term consequences of higher rates of mental health problems, smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, neglect of their health and risky sexual behaviour'[7]. The Acheson report ()[8] supports this finding as it revealed that fear of crime and violence can affect peoples quality of life and also be a cause of mental distress and social exclusion. The British Medical Association (2003)[9] identifies the important contribution made to health and illness by the standard of accommodation. Undoubtedly the quality of accommodation is strongly related to income, Therefore it is reasonable to conclude that those with a satisfactory or higher income can minimise the adverse effect of poor housing resulting in better health. The report also reveals that social and physical characteristics of the surrounding area are also vital in maintaining good health. Indeed the fact that poor quality accommodation is often situated in impoverished surroundings contributes further to making vulnerable individuals housebound.The report cited the elderly, the very young and those suffering from long-term ill health amongst the vulnerable individuals who are at particular risk. Thus these groups have the greatest exposure to many specific hazards. These studies and surveys highlight the importance of social and economic factors as an adverse effect of poor health. We can see that especially those in poor housing conditions and those habiting in deprived high crime areas are most likely to suffer ill health. However there are encouraging policy and legislation which exists to minimise these social factors on the health of individuals such as the Health and Social Care Act 2008, The Health Act 2006 prohibiting smoking in certain premises and provides a minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold and the Health Bill 2009 that attempts to improve the quality of NHS care and public health[10]. It is apparent that the definition of health and illness endorses not only the individuals objective medical condition but also the impact of social factors. Whereas the biomedical model of health has a more individualistic approach the socio medial approach is more valuable in giving a considered perception of the definitions of health and illness. Indeed one agrees with Helmans analysis (1992) as he reveals that the presentation of illness and the way in which an individual responds to it is largely determined by sociological factors. It is also evident that whilst applying the social medical approaches that the relationship between poverty and health should also be acknowledged. If the individuals perception of health is to improve positively then negative social factors which contribute will need to be addressed further; such as low educational attainment levels, poor housing, and dangerous environments including crime levels. Bibliography Book Kenworthy N, Snowley G, Gilling C, (2002) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing third edition Churchill Livingstone: Philadelphia Mosbys Medical Dictionary (2009), eighth edition Helman 2002 Ewles and Simnett (1992) McWhinney (1987 Abraham Shanley (1992) Corbett (1995) Ebook Shakespeare T, (1998) The Disability Reader :Social Science Perspectives http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3Pnzk9WfiPkCdg=shakespeare+1998+disabilty+readersource=gbs_navlinks_s Denny E, Earle S, (2005) Sociology for Nurses Polity Press http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_MVl26vxeqwCpg=PA1lpg=PA1dg=sociology+for+nurses+denny+earlesource=blots=p59GMnjfw9sig=WYRQ6-mit1nli5-nk049BUZQwDUhl=enei=8Yr5SuPoOsTl4QaEtsytCwsa=Xoi=book_result ct=resultresnum=1ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA #v=onepageq=f=false Journals Lynch, J. W.; Smith, G. D.; Kaplan, G. A.; and House, J. S. (2000). Income Inequality and Mortality: Importance to Health of Individual Income, Psychosocial Environment, or Material Conditions.British Medical Journal320:1200-1204 Marmot, M. (1999). Acting on the Evidence to Reduce Inequalities in Health.Health Affairs18(3):42-44 McWhinney IR (April 1987). Health and disease: problems of definition.CMAJ136(8): 815 Websites An Introduction to Social Policy (2009) http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/contentf.htm Accessed on 17/11/2009 Palmer G, The Poverty Site http://www.poverty.org.uk/. Accessed on 17/11/2009 World Health Organisation (WHO)(2003) http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html Accessed on 17/11/2009 NHS The Hillingdon Crime Survey 2004 Chapter 3 Health and Crime http://www.hillingdon.nhs.uk/uploads/aphr04/Annual%20Public%20Health%20Report%202004%20chapter%203.pdf accessed on 14/11/2009 Housing and health: building for the future (2003) http://www.bma.org.uk/health_promotion_ethics/environmental_health/housinghealth.jsp accessed on 14/11/2009 World Health Organisation (WHO)(2003) http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html Accessed on 17/11/2009 Mosbys Medical Dictionary (2009), eighth edition Palmer G, The Poverty Site http://www.poverty.org.uk/. Accessed on 17/11/2009 NHS The Hillingdon Crime Survey 2004 Chapter 3 Health and Crime http://www.hillingdon.nhs.uk/uploads/aphr04/Annual%20Public%20Health%20Report%202004%20chapter%203.pdf accessed on 14/11/2009