UK Policies to Prevent Online Spam

UK Policies to Prevent Online Spam â€Å"Spam is one of the most significant challenges facing the Internet today. Its rapid growth threatens the convenience and efficiency of electronic messages and undermines user confidence online more generally. Thus the very purpose of the Internet is under threat.† â€Å"In light of the above statement critically evaluate the terms of the United Kingdom’s Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulations and assess the effectiveness of those provisions in defeating the ‘challenges’ of spam.† Introduction No sensible challenge can be mounted to the arguments that spam e –mails are both a monumental threat to the integrity of a computer system and a more generalised nuisance in typical day to day access to the Internet. However, the title question addresses only one half of the current issues associated with spam. The purpose attributed to the Internet is not solely that of the individual Internet user. Commercial activity is an equally valid component of Internet use. Spam as a targeted threat carrying a multitude of potential viruses, spy ware and other insidious digital attackers is properly characterised as a menace to be deterred. Spam as a direct marketing tool is in theory a far more innocuous concept. The fundamental issue to be addressed is whether an appropriate balance can be struck between these interests, ones that are not competing positions so much as they are disparate. It shall be submitted the UK Privacy and Electronic Communication (EC Directive) Regulations (â€Å"the Regulations†) are an entirely inadequate response to the issues posed by Internet spam. Spam defined Spam is generally defined as undesired e-mail or junk e –mail; the common attributes to spam are bulk mailings from a typically corporate source, often employing techniques such as anonymizing servers and other methods to mask the sender’s web address or identity. At a more innocuous level, spam is a bulk mailing that indiscriminately advertises or promotes a commercial product such as erectile dysfunction medication or the promotion of ‘hot’ stock market tips. In its most repulsive format, the spam may be either pornographic in content, an inducement to fraudulent activity or it may contain viruses or other harmful attributes that damage or disable the recipient’s computer. Spam is a consumer of significant system bandwidth and has the capacity to damage large scale computer networks.[1] The financial cost of spam are also profound, both in terms of direct tolls taken on computer systems and the indirect seepage of productivity in workplaces where spam must be deleted from employee mailboxes on a seemingly incessant basis.[2] The weapons available to the individual computer user with Internet access to combat spam are relatively straightforward, including: never opening e-mails received from unknown mail addresses equipping the computer with anti-spam filtering software, virus protection, and firewalls Many direct marketing advocates suggest that these simple remedies are ample protection against the unscrupulous; further government regulation represents an unwarranted inhibition of their commercial efforts, analogous to a â€Å"No Soliciting† sign in a front door residential window[3]. It is submitted that the question is not nearly so simple. Notwithstanding the sophistication of anti-spam technology, estimates as to the volume of spam received at both workplace computers and residential addresses ranges from 30 percent to 80 percent of all e-mail received in the UK.[4] The Regulations, 2003 The Regulations were a much anticipated UK governmental weapon when they were enacted in September, 2003. The UK computer industry hailed the Regulations as â€Å"spam busters†[5] that were anticipated to both result in prosecutions of the most prevalent spammers and create a more healthful UK commuting environment. The Regulations were designed to bring the UK into compliance with the European Community Directive concerning electronic marketing, Directive 2002/58/EC.[6] The EC Directive stressed a balance between the harmonization of regulation between member states in the interest of commercial efficiency and the enhancement of citizen privacy rights. The Regulations were not restricted to spam. The provisions also restrict the manner in which such digital techniques as cookies (the HTTP method of tracking and authenticating user data), traffic data, and public directories. The act of clicking ones computer mouse to open a spam transmission can potentially provide significant cookie data to the spammer. The industry optimism of 2003 was replaced by blunt scepticism as to the efficacy of the Regulations by late 2004. The same industry insiders who had lauded the Regulations on their introduction now panned them as ineffective, as no prosecutions had been launched pursuant to the Regulations.[7] Questions were raised as to whether the UK government was truly committed to the spam battle due to the suggested under funding of the enforcement aspects of the Regulations.[8] The Regulations as promulgated could never have fulfilled their promise due to the structure of the e-mail provisions of the Regulation. The relevant portions of s. 22 the Regulation and commentary are set out below: 1) This regulation applies to the transmission of unsolicited communications by means of electronic mail to individual subscribers.† The Regulation is therefore not applicable to the regulation of corporate and commercial users of the Internet. 2) Except in the circumstances referred to in paragraph (3), a person shall neither transmit†¦ unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing by means of electronic mail unless the recipient of the electronic mail has previously notified the sender that he consents for the time being to such communications being sent by, †¦the sender. If (2) stood alone in the Regulations, the individual user would have a reasonable line of protection against spam, provided that the user had not previously consented to the transmission 3)(3) A person may send or instigate the sending of electronic mail for the purposes of direct marketing where that person has obtained the contact details of the recipient †¦in the course of the sale or negotiations for the sale of a product or service to that recipient; the direct marketing is in respect of that persons similar products and services only; and the recipient has been given a simple means of refusing (free of charge except for the costs of the transmission of the refusal) the use of his contact details for the purposes of such direct marketing,† Subsection (3) serves to create an exception to the consumer protection afforded through (2) so as to render the section ineffective. The spam mailer can conceivably obtain the contact particulars of the recipient in a myriad of ways, all of which are unknown to the recipient but entirely legal. The expression ‘similar products and services’ is so broad as to suggest that the subjective opinion of the spammer would be a complete answer to any complaint. The UK initiative is however not without potential merit. The UK authorities have suggested that the UK ISPs are denying the spammers a place in their networks out the outset and that the Regulation sin this direct fashion are having a desired effect. [9] The provisions in the Regulations concerning facsimile transmissions as direct marketing are of interesting in this context. Facsimiles may not be used to direct market goods unless the subscriber has provided their prior consent; the facsimile provisions are more protective of the individual user’s privacy.[10] Other options? As apparently toothless as the Regulations may be in practice, the other options available on a strictly UK based regulatory footing are very modest. The individual Internet user who is bombarded with spam has no practical alternatives – the potential common law tort remedies of invasion of privacy, intentional interference in economic relations, or the pursuit of an injunction have at best a theoretical appeal; the cost of mounting such actions is likely prohibitive. A corporate complainant has the same concerns as the individual user in terms of legal costs, coupled with the realization that the targets will in all likelihood be far removed from UK legal jurisdiction unless the various reciprocity provisions of the European Community might be engaged, a prospect that assumes EC domicile for the target spammer. The only viable legal remedy is an extension of the international co-operation exhibited through the response to the Council of Europe Treaty on Cyber Crime, ratified by 33 European nations and signed by four international states to date.[11] It is plain that so long as computers and their requisite networks may be situated anywhere on Earth, a concerted expansion of regulatory efforts is the only true manner in which spam can be regulated. A number of recent commentators, including Bazelon[12]have stressed that computer systems, the most global of entities ever created, will require a correspondingly sophisticated transnational legal framework to counter all forms of computer crime. While spam is not always considered a criminal product, the loss of both productivity and computer enjoyment, compounded by user fears of the compromise of their private information, make the concept of an international spam treaty an imperative. The distinction between the European Treaty of Cyber Crime and the distinct provisions regarding spam as enacted in the Regulations and the initial EC Directive are the fundamental distinction between the readily identifiable criminal computer act, such as the dissemination of child pornography or the perpetration of identity theft, and the clear commercial flavour imparted to the European regulation of spam. It is submitted that given the potential for misuse and criminality inherent in spam, international powers to combat its spread would be significantly furthered if spam were simply treated as a lesser but included form of cyber crime activity, while holding out the ability to regulate its transmission in carefully defined and legitimate business and commercial settings. In this sense, the prospects of true international enforcement of anti-spam legislation would be enhanced if never perfect. The elevation in the status of spam to a true crime might also carry a significant level of deterrence in the activity that is clearly not present through the enforcement of the current Regulations. It must also be noted that another avenue exists to encourage the promotion of spam as a criminal act. The G-8 group of nations, of which the UK is a member, has an existing protocol for the sharing of law enforcement information regarding computer crime. Conclusions Spam currently rests in an enforcement netherworld – a well defined problem, a significant irritant, but like the weather, no one evidently can do much about it in the current Regulatory climate. Spam solutions will be ones of stark choice – either a ‘grin and bear it’ Internet consumer attitude, with an assumption of risk that requires the taking of all necessary personal precautions for home computer safety, or encourage the UK to broaden the reach of international cyber crime enforcement to tackle spam as an adjunct to existing computer crime initiatives. Bibliography Bazelon, Dana L et al â€Å"Computer Crimes Journal† American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 43, 2006 , 1 Dickinson, David â€Å"An Architect for Spam Regulation: Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 57, 2004 Crews, C.W ‘The Government should not ban E-Mail spam’ In: The Internet – Opposing Viewpoints, James D. Torr, Ed. (New York: Thomson Gale, 2005) Edlind, Peter J. and David Naylor / Morrison Forester LLP â€Å"United Kingdom: The United Kingdom Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003† 09 March 2004 Munir, A.B. â€Å"Unsolicited Commercial E-Mai: Implementing the EU Directive (2004)† Computer and Telecommunications Law Review, Vol. 10, Issue 5 Nordlinger, Jay, ‘The government should ban E-mail spam’, In: The Internet – Opposing Viewpoints, James D. Torr, Ed. (New York: Thomson Gale, 2005) Silicon.com â€Å"UK soft on spam† (August 11, 2005) http://www.silicon.com/research/specialreports/thespamreport/0,39025001,39151286,00.htm (accessed January 21, 2007) ZDnet â€Å"UK law smashes consumer spam† (September 18, 2003) http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39116473,00.htm (Accessed January 20, 2007) ZDnet â€Å"UK law failing to nail spammers† (December 13, 2004) http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39181034,00.htm (Accessed January 20, 2007) Table of Regulations Directive 2002/58/EC, (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) The United Kingdom Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 1 Footnotes [1]1 An excellent and concise technical description of the manner in which spam is transmitted and the problems that result is found at Dickinson, David â€Å"An Architect for Spam Regulation: Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol. 57, 2004 [2] Global estimates as to spam related losses exceed $20 billion [3] C.W. Crews ‘The Government should not ban E-Mail spam’, 149 [4] Jay Nordlinger,‘The government should ban E-mail spam’, 141 [5] ZDnet â€Å"UK law smashes consumer spam†, (September 18, 2003)1 [6] Directive 2002/58/EC, (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) 5 ZDnet â€Å"UK law failing to nail spammers† (December 13, 2004) 1 6 Ibid, 2 [7] [8] [9] ZDnet December 13, 2004, 1 [10] S.20, Regulations [11] Bazelon, Dana L et al â€Å"Computer Crimes Journal† American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 43, 2006 , 1 [12] ibid

Effects of Early Marriage Essay

This chapter consist of Introduction, Background of the Study, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study and Definition of Terms. Introduction Marriage is considered as one of the greatest part of a couple’s life. Things that shall be cherish and treasure by a wedded partners. Considering the new, civilized and liberated nation, it was well known in this country that early marriage is considered as a controversial subject matter. Early marriage affects the person involved in it in many psychological and social ways. There were possibilities that the couple who were married at their young age struggles in facing the hardships and difficulties of life without learning and knowing what a married life was. It is considerable that this wedded couple were not yet ready to face the difficulties of what married life was. Background of the Study Early marriage or child marriage refers to a marriage wherein the persons involved were not on their exact ages of a marriageable couple, it is frequently and often before puberty. In some cases only one marriage-partner is a child and they were usually females. And in some worst cases the females were actually pregnant that they consider marriage as a solution. At some point the females involved in early marriage were already physically and psychologically abuse by the time they were engage on that early marriage. In this study the researchers wanted to inform any other people that this issue early marriage is a serious case that people shall know. The researchers involved themselves to people who were actually married at their young ages, people who were not yet married and people who were engaged about the topic. EVALUATION SHEET Name: _____________ Age: ___Gender: ________ Classification: (please check) Student: ___ Wife: ___ Husband: ___ Directions: Check the box which correspond your answer. 1.Do you prefer to be married at a young age? YesNo 2.On what age you wanted to be married? ______________ 3.Do you already have a husband/wife? YesNo 4.Are you officially married? YesNo 5.What age did you married your partner? ______________ 6.Are you forced to marry your partner? Yes No 7.Are you prepared to have a family? Yes No 8.Have you been abuse by your partner? YesNo 9.What abusive acts have you experience from your partner? ___________________________________ Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study was represented in a form of a schematic diagram: IV DV Frame I Frame II Frame I: Independent variable wherein it consists of early marriage or child marriage. Frame II: Dependent variables wherein it consist of the causes of why people engage themselves to early marriage or child marriage. It consist of dependent variables that will cause a person to be married at a young age. Statement of the Problem Who will be badly affected by early marriage? Hypothesis The researchers came upon the hypothesis that the women or females involve in early marriage were the ones that will suffer from the effects of early marriage. Early marriage This study was made to inform and to give about early marriage and its effects to the partners involved. Future Researchers This study can be use as a source of data and information for future related researches. Scope and Limitations This is a study that has limited data and information about early marriage. The data gathered in this study came and evaluated from (20) wedded housewives (20) wedded husbands (5) single female student/s (5) single male student/s. Thus the process and preparation on this study must be carefully discussed for the others to be informed well. This study is not intended to bother or harm other person involved in a family that was engaged in an early marriage like their child/children thus this study was made to just inform those people what early marriage really was. This study used evaluation sheets to evaluate what really were the effects of early marriage in a couple, in a student. Definition of Terms Early marriage/child marriage: it is a matrimony wherein it is given to those children even though they were not in their marriageable ages.

Designing Customer Driven Marketing Strategy

Designing Customer Driven Marketing Strategy: Now-a-days companies recognize that they can not appeal to all buyers in the marketplace or at least not to all buyers in the same way. Buyers are too numerous, too scattered, and too varied in their needs and buying practices. Moreover, the companies themselves vary widely in their abilities to serve different segments of the market. There are 4 steps of designing customer driven marketing strategy. They are described below: (i) Market Segmentation:Buyers in any market differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes, and buying practices. Through market segmentation, companies divide large heterogeneous markets into smaller segments that can be reached more efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their unique needs. Market segmentation is of two types: A) Segmenting consumer market: There is no single way to segment a market. A marketer has to try different segmentation variables, alone and in comb ination, to find the best way to view the market structure. There are four segments of consumer market: . Geographic Segmentation: It calls for dividing the market into different geographical units such as nations, regions, states, provinces, cities or even neighborhoods. ECONO DX mainly does their business in villages. They are also supplying their pens in big cities of Bangladesh but, in few amounts. 2. Demographic Segmentation: It divides the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation and nationality. Demographic factors are the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups.One reason is that consumer needs, wants and usage rates often vary closely with demographic variables. Another is that, demographic variables are easier to measure than most other types of variables. As example, old people will buy ECONO DX because; memorable events are related to it. Another example is lower income people uses ECONO DX pen as it is cheap. 3. Psychographic Segmentation: It divides buyers into different groups based on social class, life style or personality characteristics. People in the same demographic group can have very different psychographic makeups.Mainly middle and lower class people are the target customers of ECONO DX. 4. Behavioral Segmentation: It divides buyers into groups based on their knowledge, attitudes, usage or response to a product. This grouping is done depending on occasion, benefit sought, user status, user rate, loyalty status etc. As example, patriotic people will want to buy ECONO DX Ball pen because, it is an old brand and they are using this brand may be from the time of liberation war. B) Segmenting Business Market: Consumer and business markets use many of the same variables to segment their markets.Yet, business marketers also use some additional variables, such as customer operating characteristics, purchasing approaches, situati onal factors, and personal characteristics. By going after segments instead of the whole market, companies can deliver just the right value proposition to each segment served and captured more value in return. When ECONO DX was first introduced in the market, the owner of the company was very cleaver to grab the market for his product. He made a contract with BD government that- in all government official sectors ECONO DX will be the only ball pen to be used as official accessory.Requirements for effective segmentation: Clearly there are many ways to segment a market, but not all segments are effective. To be useful, market segments must be- 1. Measurable: The size, purchasing power and profiles of the segments can be measured. 2. Accessible: The market segments can be effectively reached and served. 3. Substantial: The market segments are large or profitable enough to serve. 4. Differentiable: The segments are conceptually distinguishable and respond differently to different market ing mix elements and programs. 5. Actionable: Effective programs can be designed for attracting and serving the segments.ECONO DX fulfills all these five criterions. (ii) Market Targeting: Market segmentation reveals the firm’s market segment opportunities. The firm now has to evaluate the various segments and decide how many and which segments it can serve best. In evaluating different market segments, a firm must look at three factors: segment size and growth, segment structural attractiveness, and company objectives and resources. Firstly, the company must collect and analyze data on current segment sales, growth rates and expected profitability for various segments.But â€Å"right size and growth† is a relative matter. The largest, fastest-growing segments are not always the most attractive ones for every company. Smaller companies may lack the skills and resources needed to serve the larger segments. Secondly, the company also needs to examine major structural fac tors that affect long-run segment attractiveness. For example, a segment is less attractive if it already contains many strong and aggressive competitors. The existence of many actual or potential substitute products may limit prices and the profits that can be earned in a segment.The relative power of buyers also affects segment attractiveness. Buyers with strong bargaining power relative to sellers will try to force prices down, demand more services, and set competitors against one another- all at the expense of seller profitability. Finally, a segment may be less attractive if it contains powerful suppliers who can control prices or reduce the quality or quantity of ordered goods and services. Even if a segment has the right size and growth and is structurally attractive, the company must consider its own objective and resources.Some attractive segments can be dismissed quickly because; they do not mesh with the company’s long-run objectives. Selecting Target Market Segmen ts: After evaluating different segments the company must decide which and how many segments it will target. A target market consists of a set of buyers ho share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Market targeting can be carried out at several different levels- Undifferentiated marketing strategy, Differentiated marketing strategy & Concentrated or Niche marketing.ECONO DX is following undifferentiated marketing strategy. Undifferentiated marketing: Using an undifferentiated marketing or mass marketing strategy, a firm might decide to ignore market segment differences and target the whole market with one offer. This mass marketing strategy focuses on what is common in the needs of consumers rather than on what is different. The company designs a product and a marketing program that will appeal to the largest number of buyers. (iii)Differentiation and Positioning:A product’s position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important att ributes- the place the product occupies in consumers’ minds relative to competing products. Products are created in the factory, but brands are created in the mind. Consumers are over-loaded with information about products and services. They cannot reevaluate products every time they make a buying decision. To simplify the buying process, consumers organize products, services, and companies into categories and â€Å"position† them in their minds.A product’s position is the complex set of perceptions, impressions and feelings that consumers have for the product compared with competing products. They must plan positions that will give their products the greatest advantage in selected target markets, and they must design marketing mixes to create these planned positions. Choosing a Differentiation & Positioning Strategy: Some firms find it easy to choose a differentiation and positioning strategy. The differentiation and positioning strategy of ECONO DX is, â€Å" ECONO DX in different generation†. Competitive Advantage:To build profitable relationships with target customers, marketers must understand customers needs better than competitors do and deliver more customer value. To the extent that company can differentiate and position itself as providing superior customer value, it gains competitive advantage. The competitive advantage of ECONO DX is it’s lower price. Selecting an Overall Positioning Strategy: The full positioning of a brand is called the brand’s value proposition- the full mix of benefits upon which the brand is differentiated and positioned. It gives the answer to the customers that why they will buy this brand.Overall positioning strategy can be of five types. Among them ECONO DX follows â€Å"More for the Same Strategy†. This strategy says about, companies can attack a compititor’s more-for-more positioning by introducing a brand offering comparable quality but at lower price. From past til l present, time has changed a lot. Sometimes it was hard to pass the time, and sometimes time became a matter of joy. So, as shown in our video advertisement- by the side of type-writer or keyboard using, ECONO DX ball point pen became something that supports all the time.

Biography of Augustine the African Essay example - 5161 Words

Biography of Augustine the African Augustine was born in Tagaste (modern Souk Ahras, Algeria) in 354 and died almost seventy-six years later in Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) on the Mediterranean coast sixty miles away. In the years between he lived out a career that seems to moderns to bridge the gap between ancient pagan Rome and the Christian middle ages. But to Augustine, as to his contemporaries, that gap separated real people and places they knew, not whole imaginary ages of past and future. He lived as we do, in the present, full of uncertainty. Augustines African homeland had been part of Romes empire since the destruction of Carthage five hundred years before his birth. Carthage had been rebuilt by Rome as the metropolis of†¦show more content†¦Augustine set out to make himself more Roman than the Romans and to penetrate to the center of the culture from which he found himself alienated by his provincial birth. But that was only the beginning of his story. Augustine was born on 13 November, A.D. 354, in Tagaste, a town large enough to have its own bishop but too small for a college or university.[[1]] His parents, Patricius and Monica, belonged to the financially imperilled middle class. They were well enough off to have educational ambitions for their son, but too poor to finance those ambitions themselves. The fourth century was an age of mixed marriages at this level of society, in which devout Christian women like Monica were often to be found praying for the conversion of their irreligious husbands. Her prayers were not unavailing; Patricius accepted baptism on his deathbed. Though Patricius offered no direct impulse towards Christianity for his son, he must not have been much more than a passive obstacle. Of Augustines childhood we know only what he chooses to tell us in the highly selective memoirs that form part of the Confessions. He depicts himself as a rather ordinary sort of child, good at his lessons but not fond of school, eager to win the approval of his elders but prone to trivial acts of rebellion, quick to form close friendships but not always able to foresee their consequences. He studied Latin with some enthusiasm but never loved Greek. 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